The controversial issue of anti-Serb violence within besieged Sarajevo: Attempting a preliminary assessment

The siege of Sarajevo and the violence committed by Bosnian Serb troops against the city and its population are among the best known and most studied events of the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Less well known than this violence against the city are the acts of violence committed inside the city by its defenders in response to the siege, which contributed to affecting the population even more than it already was. This paper focuses on this „internal zone of violence“ (Jelena Golubović) and looks specifically at the situation of Serbs living inside the besieged Sarajevo, to examine the extent to which they were victims of this internal violence. This highly controversial topic within Bosnia-Herzegovina has so far attracted little scientific research. In this context, the aim of this article is not to offer an in-depth study, but to outline, on the basis of existing literature and sources, a provisional synthesis of established facts and open questions and to formulate proposals for future research.

I published this article originally in French in the Revue Historique des Armées, 2022/1 (N° 304), p. 9-25. In March 2026, I established an English version to make it also available for interested persons who are not reading French. This English version, in which I included some bibliographical updates in the footnotes (marked by [ ]), is available here:

ENGLISH VERSION

Wer ist Walter? Resistance against Nazism in Europe

The international project “Wer ist Walter? Resistance against Nazism in Europe” was realized between 2022 and 2024 by crossborder factory, the History Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina, CIFE – Centre international de formation européenne, and the Jasenovac Memorial Site, with the support of the Foundation Remembrance, Responsibility and Future (EVZ)  and the Federal Ministry of Finance (BMF) as part of the Education Agenda NS-Injustice. 

The project involved the organisation of several workshops and conferences in Sarajevo, Zagreb, Jasenovac, Nice, and Berlin, in cooperation with a group of 12 researchers and curators working in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, France and Germany. Its aim was to strengthen the exchange and knowledge about resistance to Nazism, fascism, occupation and collaboration in Europe duirng Wolrd War II and how it has been dealt with since 1945, especially in museums, with a focus on the mentioned countries. You can find more information about the project here.

The project resulted in 3 outputs:

The scientific publication “Wer ist Walter? International Perspectives on Resistance in Europe during World War II”, ed. by Elma Hasimbegovic, Nicolas Moll and Ivo Pejakovic, Sarajevo: History Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina, 2024, 696 pages, also accessible as pdf

The educational digital platform “Wer ist Walter? 100 stories about resistance in Europe during World War II”: https://weristwalter.eu/

The new permanent exhibition “Wer ist Walter? Topography of antifascist resistance in Bosnia and Herzegovina 1941-1945” which you can visit at the History Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina in Sarajevo.

Exhibition “Wake up, Europe! Support and solidarity mobilizations with Bosnia and Herzegovina and its citizens, 1992-1995”

A project of the History Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina, in cooperation with Memory Lab, with the support of the  Goethe Institute BiH  and the French Institute in BiH

The Covid pandemic and the “migration crisis” have put the question of solidarity in Europe back on the agenda: What do we understand by solidarity? What can be done to strengthen solidarity with societies and people who are existentially threatened? There is an example of European solidarity in the near past that can be inspiring for today, even more as it is very little known: During the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina from 1992-1995, numerous initiatives arose in France, Germany, Spain, Italy, Sweden, the Czech Republic and other European countries, and citizens, NGOs, informal groups and artists articulated support and solidarity with Bosnia and Herzegovina and its citizens in various ways. The aim of this project is to provide general information about forms, activities and actors of the support and solidarity movements with Bosnia and Herzegovina in Europe during the 1992-1995 war and to illustrate them concretely using individual examples. By increasing awareness and knowledge of this little-known but important chapter in recent European history, the exhibition is also intended to stimulate the discussion for today: What can we do today to show solidarity with people and societies that are experiencing war or other crisis situations?

The exhibition was shown at the History Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina in Sarajevo from 20 October to 18 December 2021. I was part of the organising team and was in charge of the historical research, finding the documents and writing the accompanying texts. In 2022, the exhibtion was shown, in an adapted from, in Berlin (with support of the Heinrich Böll Foundation and the Goethe Institute), in Strasbourg (with support of the Franco-German Youth Office and the muncipality of Strasbourg) and in Barcelona (in cooperation with EUROM and the City Coucil of Barcelona).

Exhibition booklet

Solidarity is more than a slogan – International Workers Aid during and after the 1992-1995-war in Bosnia and Herzegovina

Rosa Luxemburg Stiftung Brussels Office, 2021, 262 pages.

You can download the PDF here.
You can order a free print version here.

For the majority of people in Europe, the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina remained mainly a TV event; many felt that it did not really concern them or that nothing could be done about it. But at the same time there were also tens of thousands of individuals in countries across Europe who decided that they did not want to remain bystanders, just watching what was going on, but were determined to do something. This went way beyond professional aid organisations: many smaller civil society organisations and especially newly created, often informal, groups launched numerous activities. International Workers Aid (IWA) was one of the initiatives that emerged from these civil society mobilisations during the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It was a highly original initiative in several respects.

Seminar cycle “Places of violence, places of learning” 2020-2022

The seminar cycle “Places of violence, places of learning” is organized by crossborder factory (Berlin), Neuengamme Concentration Camp Memorial (Hamburg), Memorial of the Montluc Prison (Lyon) and Cultural Heritage without Borders Albania (Tirana), in the framework of the South Eastern Europe Initiative of the Franco-German Youth Office and of Memory Lab.
The first seminar took place from 19 to 23 October 2020 (online), with a focus on the Neuengamme Memorial and other memory sites in Hamburg/ Germany which we visited via live-streams. The second seminar in Albania is planned for October 2021, and the third in Fracne in spring 2022. The participants are educators, memorial / museum staff, youth workers and other interested persons who are involved in educational work / memory work / civil society activism, living in Albania, France, and Germany.
More information here

1945 versus 1995, Europe versus the Balkans? A plea for an inclusive and differentiating pan-European culture of remembrance

Rosa Luxemburg Stiftung – Brussels Office, 5.5.2020 ;
English version:  FOLLOW THIS LINK
German version: FOLLOW THIS LINK
Essay on the importance of including the Yugoslav and post-Yugoslav history and memories in an European culture of remembrance. “(…) I am not trying to play off the wars of the 1990s against the Second World War or the Balkans against Europe. In fact, quite the reverse. I want us to think about these dates and places in terms of each other. Not to mix them up or equate them. 1995 is not 1945, and vice versa. The Balkans and the Yugoslav region are not the same as other European regions. But they are nonetheless European regions. And only by thinking about them together will it be possible to identify, work out and understand specificities and differences, similarities and parallels, as well as trans-European relations and interconnections. In short: if, in 2020 and beyond, we wish to commemorate the past in a truly European sense, and really wish to take seriously the concept of a ‘European culture of remembrance’, we must also think about the Yugoslav and post-Yugoslav region and not forget neither 1995 nor the Yugoslav 1945.(…)”

New publication: Promoting ‘Positive Stories’ of Help and Rescue from the 1992-1995 War in Bosnia and Herzegovina. An Alternative to the Dichotomy of Guilt and Victimhood?

In: Südosteuropa. Journal of Politics and Society, vol 67, n°4, 2019, 447-475;
PDF in open access: DOWNLOAD PDF
Abstract: Public discourses about wars and mass violence are often dominated by questions of guilt and victimhood as well as a focus on the figures of ‘perpetrators’ and ‘victims’. This can also be observed concerning the public remembrance of the 1992-1995 conflict in Bosnia-Herzegovina. However, attempts were made here to promote the memory of another war-related figure: that of the rescuer who helped people ‘from the other side’. The author analyses these attempts at remembrance in Bosnia-Herzegovina, and places them within the context of global efforts to publicly acknowledge rescuers, in particular the ‘Righteous Among the Nations’.

Memory Lab: The 9th annual study trip /workshop took place in Albania in 2019

The 9th annual study trip/workshop took place from 22 to 28/9 September 2019 in Albania. “Unbunkering the past: How is Albania dealing with its (communist) history?” was the leading question of the program which combined visits to memory sites in Tirana, Spac, Shkodra, Kruja and Gjirokastra, presentations and discussions with experts and time witnesses, and working sessions within the group.
The study trip/workshop 2019 in Albania was organized by crossborder factory, Youth Initiative for Human Rights Bosnia and Herzegovina, Franco-German Youth Office, Forum ZFD Bosnia and Herzegovina, History Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina, in cooperation with Cultural Heritage Without Borders Albania, Regional Youth Cooperation Office, Institute for Democracy, Media and Culture, House of Leaves – Museum of Secret Surveillance, Justice & Peace Association, Center for Historical and Anthropological Research, National Museum for Contemporary History of Slovenia, with the support of CCFD-Terre Solidaire, Franco-German Youth Office, Forum ZFD Bosnia and Herzegovina, Regional Youth Cooperation Office, the German Embassy in Albania and the French Embassy in Albania.
The detailled program, the final report and the evaluations by the partcipants can be found here: http://www.memorylab-europe.eu/workshop/2019-albania-open-call-for-applications

New publication: “Pour une Europe solidaire”: Se mobiliser contre la guerre en Bosnie-Herzégovine, 25 ans plus tard (“For a Europe of solidarity”: mobilising against the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina, 25 years later)

In: La Revue Nouvelle, n°5/2019;
For online version please FOLLOW THIS LINK
During the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina, from 1992 to 1995, numerous individuals and groups in different European countries got engaged to protest against the war and the policy of “ethnic cleansing” and to show solidarity with Bosnia and Herzegovina and its citizens. This broad and heterogenous socio-political mobilization, at the intersection of citizen engagement and humanitarian engagement, has largely fallen into oblivion and deserves all the more to be revisited to try to better understand its scope and its signifcation. What forms has this mobilization taken and what was it aimed at? What discourses on Europe did it produce, and to what extent can we speak of an European movement? Why is this mobilization so little known? And what can be the meaning of this commitment today, twenty-five years later?